| zifeng1982 | 2007-06-09 18:09 |
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97年题A Blind Zone in Childr-Nutrition /3>Wt^k This article reveals a mistaken idea in child-raising which deserves correcting. Most parents take it for granted that &6q/4a;{( 4$/RJ!NV/ children should eat more animal foods such as chicken, meat and fish than grain food because the former are far more oE1!y5s ] (Q0EE %wY+ expensive and the more expensive the food is the more nutritious it is. However, this is, in fact, a mistaken idea which has DQUyheAp{ >](wu lead to malnutrition among many city kids. This is indicated in a survey recently made in Shanghai. ) d<J|* What parents don’t know is that carbohydrate in grains, starch and sugar, the main and most inexpensive nutrient for energy =m (xJ .A)]+R~io{ supply, is of equal importance in metabolism. The energy it supplies is the main source of calories in human bodies,about 60% Z{J ,?r[ _/2DbG of the total amount of calories. If there is a lack of calories provided by carbohydrate, protein and fat will be used up to Sk3g/qk\, WAt #= provide the heat and thus can’t play their original roles in the body. Consequently, it results in a retarded development in /n\1Y FY?A Tm;"jUx@[ the children and even malnutrition. )|7CS[n Apparently, the solution to the problem is to provide kids with a well-balanced food containing protein, carbohydrate and zMPiQ@Mo |G@)q j many other nutrients, none of which can be done without. +D7^ QYn[ %D(Y+^ Writing Drill 4(98 FATMD) Rngk d*v In the past several years, many Chinese college students have come to accept psychological consultation(PC) they used to tdnN!.jHH# \ 0X B%) reject. In 1994, many students didn’t care to think about the consultation while in 1996, over 90% of 2132 students in a DnR3rr< 6L< M4 survey answered the related questionnaires carefully. PC is now gradually accepted by college students in China. 6 YTDg$] Surveys indicate that 70-80% college students have psychological problems and 20.3% have such obstacles. There have been &E< my7 7UN--/QeW reports on many severe cases resulting from misunderstanding and lack of PC. In view of this, many universities in Nanjing juVXSIX`Op g RhV? have set up psychological healthcare service for students. Many students have corrected their misunderstanding about PC and Fl :{ =_Z!K8iw bravely asked the consultants for help, which has greatly helped them overcome their mental obstacles. Even some military 9 $2Z"J dS-14aLL cadets have begun to consult experts for advice. Experts point out that prompt consultation can prevent mental problems from k geIY.i * yv" {&[ developing into obstacles, mental illnesses and even suicide. +jGe=c : University psychological consultation, young as it is, has made remarkable progress and grown into a unique course in t !"6~'"]! OTIp]ITI | universities. Though it contributed to students’ healthy growth, it still has a long way to go to be fully understood and Y ]uDXUo| H+\;X+9MR appreciated by both students and faculties. }#Hi2m>DP _M t4dNZ Bd4U=>:}< Writing Drill 5 老年健康饮食为先 &M U[=r@ Aging usually brings about recession in many bodily functions such indigestion, hypertension, arteriosclerosis, and other &x"kEd pF; +\]Fvb:&3D metabolic dysfunctions. However, scientists find that these hypofunctions are actually caused by irrational diets or eating ]2ir}-$E >YaNzb>` habits. This article discusses this problem and the solution to it. GZ`TC+ First, balanced diet with more vegetables than animal food is especially good for the old people. Second, less staple food PX8j{HQI9[ 8Q$jZ2[ and less salt in food should be suggested for the aged because overconsumption of these two can lead to cardiovascular u %uSYyg cojyFX1 diseases. Third, more bean food can replace proteins such as eggs and fat as sources of protein. Fourth, light food should be YQ1`YQ@U! U2 p6ITa taken in instead of fat and oily foods which usually contribute to cardiovascular diseases. Fifth, doctors always advise EbYMv"P )>\V0GOntc people eat more fruit to regulate their digestion, metabolism and cardiovascular balance. l k E In a word, a balanced diet, more vegetable food instead of fat food are of the first significance to the health of the aged Be+%[C{^ \{ ,Um and a long life. </RWcelt ,s Q ` Writing Drill 6 GuedS)9 Recently, more attention has been paid to a behavioral prescription for various and physical diseases. It includes laughter, Ju]y.^ZBkO /IYUx,j" sports, dancing and even crying. These methods have different functions. 7 sV-ID\R Laughter activates over 80 muscles. In laughing, smooth muscles in organs contract and help improve digestion. Crying can &en#}cKI( ,>VW ,Jz give vent to harmful chemicals in the body accumulated by stress. Sports and dancing can relieve chronic illness such as Fg 5ZJyu+ KloR 38E bronchitis, back pain, diabetes, etc. that medication alone can’t do. *;R5;}b>O Many diseases of today are caused by bad mental conditions, work and stress, family problems, etc. Medication doesn’t E qOhJVo 27s5/$(% usually effect in these cases because it doesn’t treat the cause of the ailments. Behavioral prescription, with its physical Oyw" _2(& SD_O7F;" and mental massage like sports and dancing, can help patients stay off the cause of their diseases. Therefore, it is [et2' [l RWk1U* advocated by many doctors and health experts. V]M aeLzLP It is expected that behavioral prescription will applied more widely as an effective therapy in the near future.f sYCE z2\ GgtG]~ Writing Drill 7 Smoking and Health d Q.aWbm It is not until recently that smoking has been firmly proved to be hazardous to health. It irritates the throat and !~R5 E9e4e F T MbQy respiratory passages. It sometimes leads to poor appetite, nausea, short breath, and irregular heartbeat. More importantly, :b8?*IAk vdo1 i".W smoking is associated with chronic and fatal diseases of respiratory tract. Evidence shows that smokers are more likely than YI-3oVgK FB>U{'Q nonsmokers to develop cancer of the lungs, throat, tongue, and jaw, emphysema and bronchitis as well. As a result, many *BD8jVF h;m-Z!LE^ nations have made enormous efforts to warn people of the dangers of smoking. g/nF{9J!9o While smoking, particles of tobacco tar and smoke slow down the work of cilia. The tar collected in the lungs can cause b?( c3 Z] 3Ru^49~hKT cancer. Moreover, nicotine in tobacco can be simulating by affecting various centers on the medulla oblongata region of the z{]fJS X NY=Zek^O brain. It can affect other physiological process that in turn affect the respiratory center in the brain. It can also dxR)Q/[E7 0=L 8=sL influence other centers that slow down the action of the heart, constrict the arteries, and cause vomiting. V9mgHe]F$ In brief, smoking does nothing but harm to people’s health. Therefore, smokers of any age or kind should try to give it up. p^2X"S 这篇短文的主旨是说明吸烟对健康危害及造成危害的原因，通读全文，根据其要点可以分为四个部分：1）吸烟有害；2）吸烟有哪些具体的害 )CXk2zw Yu0 Oe6#Z 处；3）为什么吸烟会有害，亦即其致害机理是什么；4）总结：吸烟有害要戒烟。 G[ADv 总之，摘要写作时切忌“见木不见林”，要体现出层次感，结构要明快，这样可以向阅卷老师表明你的逻辑。 f\K"AXkBK =XoI\WF Z :%V0,b Writing Drill 9 Handwashing and Health q_L 't> Hospital infection is one of the causes of morbidity and mortality. The risk of transmitting pathogens by the hands of health wzwzY^ )8`!}L H care workers (HCWs) is increasingly big today. A simple and effective way of prevention is handwashing. ~x;r@3? But it is found that HCWs don’t always wash their hands before and after patient contacts. Semmelweis, a Viennese doctor in x_$*hN1 dG*XhF{Za 1847, believed that high puerperal fever rate in some wards was caused by the hands of some medical students. He ordered that Mv%)_{I %X K0{Q all students wash their hands with chlorinated lime before and between all patient contacts. As a result, the rate fell b@/1Ib+w yPB@J> 7 sharply. His methods were used by some other hospitals but his beliefs were ignored largely at that time. ~2 WLlg} In the 1980s, a government health organization recommended that handwashing be imposed. But it has not been well compiled, `bu/(]Z 4%u\}TIFT even in ICUs, despite some efforts to improve compliance. The traditional handwashing practice has not been changed yet. Pb|_7w3 HCWs have their own excuse for the resistance, such as no time, skin irritation, etc. Some say they have done it but surveys m97;?BqI 2g\m N&/9 prove otherwise. With more multidrug-resistant pathogens on the increase. HCWs have to know that handwashing means health. +< MFP< RYC`^ < HCWs: wash your hands before or between patient contacts. 27ypF_O 本篇短文主要讲了通过洗手防止和减少医院获得性感染的问题， 这篇短文总的说来结构比较清晰，总结归纳起来相对容易，摘要写作当中， MV,L%x= *zB?t@;t 首先要将摘要分成三个部分，先象一般的论文一样写个引言，介绍主题，其次写Semmelweis首先发现了医务工作者不洗手而接触病人会造成感 S)L0GgPRA >Zn1UvV 染，而洗手可以减少这种感染及引起的死亡率，尽管他的方法没有得到当时医学界的认可，最后是结论部分，写20世纪80年代，政府健康机构 R O$" "nA E7EVW 也要求强制洗手，但执行情况并不尽如人意。 s..w]9+ 总之，摘要写作时切忌“见木不见林”，要体现出层次感，结构要明快，细节引用尽量地少，这样才可以向阅卷老师表明你的逻辑性强，抓住 XcF> 6lV' |`RVG =3C 了要点。 ytUH^Zq Writing Drill 10 Dangerous Factors in Maturing I}g5#W On their way to adulthood, adolescens are faced with many dangerous factors. These may include sexual encounters with HIV &r 4$XySmL [da cp=s carriers, violence, mental and sexual abuse, drug abuse, smoking, as well as the negligence from the adults. wYz#"M What can doctors do to make the teenagers’ world a safer place? Perhaps we should first call for attention from the medical 6F\_ GVAG "k {`?`/e profession to the long ignored needs of teenagers. Some critics suggest that adolescent medicine become a medical +z`+ 4 >!K7Iule! subspecialty for more and proper attention to teenagers’ needs. Of course, there are some difficulties such as policymakers @70)?[o" Y(0.rzg c+ ’ focus on more general practitioners whereas adolescents are poorly served by the medical community. .2gI]fn Adolescents deserve primary care that is attentive to their special needs. The best way is to encourage policymakers to be )nsap< x[>Gh7+V^ interested in adolescent medicine. One of the ways for this is to require most medical students and trainees to master the +nS^$"S?c QH,GA[h skills needed to treat teenagers. 5:GP #*c{B Writing Drill 14 Psychological Care of Medical Patients |2 Bi K? There are more and more physically ill people accompanied by psychiatric morbidity, which can be physically and mentally fo 6D7 "cW/JLe harmful if not treated promptly and properly. +wcDO'ol However, there is a lack of psychiatric care of these patients, which has to be addressed in no time. There are some cost- P 3~@D\KB }{[xd$I effective treatments for psychiatric disorder in physically ill people. But few hospitals arrange formal services for these oN[/a% pI F[?3Fa ^0 patients, which may not be efficient in the future. Some health service reforms have also affected the formerly cooperative Li&$ZnH.{ ()o()P{ relationship between psychiatrists and general hospital doctors. Pressure on beds in both psychiatry and general medicine "e;k[` 'gW8n!,| makes the already difficult task of caring for patients with coexisting mental and physical illness harder. Besides, -^pHU] < <f R_!jj increased consumerism and heightened awareness of coexistence of mental and physical illness adds to demand for relevant *V>|:H%q> hhS&yJP services. JuJ- @t In view of this situation, some British psychiatrists and physicians suggested that doctors and nurses learn to identify ,H ~w\Vu t)PDY mental problems in their patients and offer psychological care and refer for psychiatric help. In their report, they also "#c e!!L R)rC7]R provided some relevant knowledge and approaches to treatment and psychiatric services. $'Uy; t* 本文的内容根据标题便可不言自明了；患有身体疾病的同时伴有心理疾病的人越来越多，但这些人的心理护理亟需要得到科学的治疗和护理。 #z]a!fvTD ( %xU: )[ 摘要中要突出这种内科病人的心理护理缺医少药的问题，如缺乏正规的治疗和医护人员，费用昂贵等，结论断要包含专家就此问题提出的建议 ZO^ES ~E Bl@i 和看法。 |\HrlpNnZ` 摘要可以分成三个部分，一是引言段，引出问题；二是正文段，概述问题并加以讨论；三是结论段，用专家的建议作为结尾。 dT3Qxwb9 总之，摘要写作时切忌“见木不见林”，要体现出层次感，结构要明快，不要拘泥于细节，这样可以向阅卷老师表明你的逻辑性强，抓住了要点。 ';C:e 7, ,CGrW R3~CG+or [zifeng1982] 摆了个ＰＯＳＥ道：你、你、你没我酷.. 8GT5$I02  <r ic `l)[ |
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